侾丏暘椶妛偵娭偡傞偍傕側梡岅丂峏怴擔丗2017.4.14
taxonomy 暘椶妛丆惗暔暘椶乮妛乯丗惗暔傪婰嵹偟丆柦柤偟丆暘椶偡傞乮classify乯偙偲偺棟榑偲幚嵺丏
乽惗暔懡條惈傪擣幆丒夝柧偡傞偨傔偵峴偆暘椶偺棟榑偲幚慔偺偙偲丏庬傪堦墳偺扨埵偲偟偰惗暔懡條惈傪敪尒偟丆婰嵹丒柦柤偟丆偦傟傪拋彉棫偰偰椶暿偟丆惍棟丒懱宯壔偡傞偙偲偑庡懱偲側傞乿乮娾攇惗暔妛帿揟戞俆斉傛傝乯
(from the Greek taxis, meaning arrangement, and nomos, meaning law)
The description and classification of living things, and the theoretical principles behind classification.
systematics 懱宯妛丗宯摑揑側憡屳娭學偵廳揰傪抲偄偰丆惗暔傪奒憌揑側惗暔僌儖乕僾偵暘椶偡傞乮classify乯偙偲丏
The branch of biology that deals with the diversity of organisms in relation to their classification.
taxon乮扨悢宍乯僞僋僜儞丆 taxa乮暋悢宍乯僞僋僒 =暘椶孮乮taxonomic group乯 仏擔杮岅偱偼扨暋偺嬫暿偼偱偒側偄
(From the Greek taxis, meaning arrangement.) Any recognizable unit of classification. A monophyletic group of organisms (or lower taxa) that can be recognized by sharing a definite set of characters.
仏 暘椶妛揑扨埵偺偙偲偱丆柤慜偺桳柍偵偐偐傢傜側偄丏偡側傢偪丆屳偄偵宯摑椶墢娭學傪傕偮偙偲偑捠忢悇掕偝傟丆偐偮丆偦偺扨埵乮偨偲偊偽丆偁傞抧棟揑屄懱孮丆偁傞懏丆偁傞壢丆偁傞栚乯傪懠偺偦偆偄偭偨扨埵偐傜幆暿偡傞宍幙傪嫟桳偡傞暋悢偺惗暔偱峔惉偝傟偨屄懱孮侾偮傑偨偼屄懱孮偺廤崌丏偁傞僞僋僜儞偼丆偦傟偑曪娷偡傞傛傝掅偄奒媺偵偁傞偡傋偰偺僞僋僜儞偲惗暔屄懱偲偱峔惉偝傟傞丏摦暔柦柤婯栺偱偼丆忋壢偲垷庬丆偍傛傃偦偺娫偵埵抲偡傞奒媺孮偵懏偡傞僞僋僜儞偵偮偄偰偩偗丆偦偺妛柤傪姰慡偵婯惂偡傞丏
乽懠偐傜嬫暿偝傟丆偦傟偧傟屄暿偺扨埵偲偟偰埖傢傟傞暘椶妛忋偺惗暔偺孮丏捠忢奺僞僋僜儞偼奒憌峔憿傪側偟偨奒媺偺偳傟偐偵埵抲偯偗傜傟丆屌桳偺柤徧偑梌偊傜傟傞丏...乿乮娾攇惗暔妛帿揟戞俆斉傛傝乯
classification丗暘椶丆暘椶懱宯乮classify丗暘椶偡傞乯 乽偁傞帠暔傪擣幆偡傞偨傔丆偦偺峔惉梫慺偺屄乆偵摿掕偺柤徧傪梌偊偰嬫暿偟丆偦傟傪側傫傜偐偺娤揰偱惍棟偟懱宯壔偡傞偙偲丏...乿乮娾攇惗暔妛帿揟戞俆斉傛傝乯
Biological classification is the process of grouping living things on the basis of features they have in common, or on the basis of their ancestry, or of both. The word “classification” is also used for the resulting arrangement of living things into groups.
phylogeny丗宯摑丆宯摑敪惗 偁傞偄偼宯摑妛丆phylogenetics丗宯摑妛
(From the Greek phylon, meaning tribe, and genesis, meaning origin)
The phylogeny of a particular group of organisms is its evolutionary history. The study of phylogeny is called “phylogenetics”.
宯摑妛乽惗暔偺傕偮宍幙傪暘愅偡傞偙偲偱丆惗暔娫偺宯摑娭學傪柧傜偐偵偟傛偆偲偡傞妛栤丏C. Darwin 埲棃丆惗暔恑壔偑妛栤揑偵擣傔傜傟傞傛偆偵側偭偰惗偠偨丏恑壔偺寢壥偲偟偰懚嵼偡傞惗暔偺斾妑尋媶偵偼偦傟傜偺宯摑娭學偵娭偡傞抦尒偑晄壜寚偱丄宯摑妛偼偙偺抦尒傪採嫙偡傞妛栤暘栰偱偁傞丏捠忢丆宍幙偺宯摑娭學偑悇掕偝傟丆偦傟偵婎偯偄偰惗暔偺宯摑娭學偑悇掕偝傟傞丏...乿乮娾攇惗暔妛帿揟戞俆斉傛傝乯
Linnean hierarchical classification system, Linnean hierarchy,
Linnean sequence丗儕儞僱幃奒憌暘椶懱宯丂暘椶奒媺偺偍傕側庬椶
*Linnean: Named for the Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778), who invented the binominal classification system.
*Linnean sequence is the series of formally recognized categories of names. In order of increasing inclusiveness, these categories are species, genus, family, order, class, division (plants) or phylum (animals) and kingdom. (+domain)
柦柤丆柦柤朄 nomenclature 惗暔妛揑庬奣擮 biological species concept
species丗庬乮扨暋摨偠乯Groups of interbreeding natural poplulations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.丂
仏乽庬乿偺奣擮 (species concept) 偼Mayden (1997) 偵傛傞偲彮側偔偲傕22傕偁傞丏丏丏
丂biological ~; genetic ~; evolutionary ~; morphological ~; typological ~.
subspecies: 垷庬乮扨悢摨偠乯惗暔暘椶偺儕儞僱幃奒憌惗暔暘椶懱宯偵偍偄偰丆庬偺捈壓偵偍偐傟傞奒媺側偄偟偦偺奒媺偵偁傞僞僋僜儞丏屌桳偺摿挜傪嫟桳偟丆摿掕偺抧堟偵暘晍偡傞廤抍慡懱傪巜偡丏摨庬撪偺堎側傞垷庬偼丆偍屳偄偵廳側傝崌傢側偄暘晍堟傪愯傔丆愽嵼揑偵岎攝壜擻丏擔杮楍搰偵惗懅偡傞戝宆歁擕椶偼偙偺椺偱丆戝棨嶻偺摨庬偲偼堎側傞垷庬偵暘椶偝傟傞丏偟偐偟丆偳偺傛偆側抧堟廤抍傪垷庬偲尒傞偐偵偮偄偰偼媞娤揑側婎弨偑懚嵼偣偢丆垷庬偺巜掕偑湏堄揑偵峴傢傟傞寢壥偲側傞偙偲偵懳偡傞斸敾傕偁傞丏崙嵺摦暔柦柤婯栺偱偼丆垷庬偼庬傛傝傕壓埵偺奒媺偲偟偰桞堦偺傕偺偱丆懏柤偲庬彫柤偺偁偲偵垷庬彫柤傪晅偟偨嶰岅柤偱昞偡丏垷庬傪傕偮庬傪懡宆庬乮polytypic species)偲屇傃扨宆庬乮monotypic species乯偲懳抲偝偣傞丏崙嵺憯椶丒嬠椶丒怉暔柦柤婯栺偱偼丆庬傛傝壓埵偺奒媺偲偟偰垷庬偺傎偐曄庬傗昳庬側偳偑擣傔傜傟偰偄傞丏偙偺偨傔丆垷庬柤偺慜偵偼 subsp.傪晅偟偰丆奒媺傪柧帵偡傞乮娾攇惗暔妛帿揟戞俆斉傛傝乯
biological species丗惗暔妛揑庬
Groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations genetically isolated from other such groups by one or more reproductive isolating mechanisms.
morphospecies丗宍懺妛揑庬 *morphology 宍懺妛
A species established solely on morphological characters.
typological species 椶宆妛揑庬丂*typology 椶宆妛
A species defined on the characters of the type specimen.
arpha taxonomy丗α乮傾儖僼傽乯暘椶妛丂仏庬偺暘椶丆婰嵹丆柦柤
The level of taxonomy concerned with the characterization and naming of species; descriptive taxonomy.
beta taxonomy丗β乮儀乕僞乯暘椶妛丂仏惗暔娫偺宯摑
The level of taxonomy concerned with the arrangement of species into a natural system of lower and higher taxa; macrotaxonomy.
gamma taxonomy丗γ乮僈儞儅暘乯椶妛丂仏庬撪偺曄堎丆庬偺幚懺丆庬暘壔
The level of taxonomy dealing with various biological aspects of taxa, ranging from the study of intraspecific populations to studies of speciation and evolutionary rates and trends.
microtaxonomy丗儈僋儘僞僋僜僲儈乕丂仏庬儗儀儖偺暘椶妛
The descrimination of species and their subdivisions; taxonomy at the species level.
macrotaxonomy丗儅僋儘僞僋僜僲儈乕丂仏庬儗儀儖傛傝忋埵偺暘椶妛
The classification of higher taxa.
婰嵹丂description丗A full statement of the character states of taxon.
敾暿暥丆昗挜丂diagnosis丗A formal statement of the character states which distinguish one taxon from another; difinition.
宍幙乮屄懱偺懏惈偁傞偄偼摿挜乯character丗In classification, it is any feature whose expression can be measured, counted otherwise assessed.
宍幙忬懺丂characteristic, character state丗
Any of the range of values, conditions or expressions of a particular taxonomic characters
曄堎丂variation丗
1. The divergence of structural and functional characteristics within a group, in particular those not attributable to differences in age, sex or life history stages.
2. The spread or dispersion of values about the mean.
惈揑擇宍丂sexual dimorphism丗 Marked phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species.
庬暘壔丂speciation丗 The formation of new species; the splitting of a phylogenetic lineage; acquisition of reproductive isolating mechanisms producing discontinuities between populations; cf. allochronic ~, allopatric乮堎強揑乯~, parapatric ~, sympatric乮摨強揑乯~.
homology, homologous, homologue丗憡摨乮儂儌儘僕乕乯 丆憡摨宍幙
仏憡摨宍幙乮homologue) 2偮偺暘椶孮偵偍偗傞俀偮偺宍幙摨巑偑丆椉幰偺慶愭偵尒傜傟傞宍幙偲摨偠応崌傗丆偁傞偄偼曅曽偑愭懚宍幙偱丆傕偆堦曽偑怴宍幙偲偟偰婰嵹偝傟傞傛偆側慶愭-巕懛娭學傪傕偮堎側傞宍幙偺応崌偑偁傞乮儚僀儕乕傎偐丆媨惓庽栿丆1992.宯摑暘椶妛擖栧−暘婒暘椶偺婎慴偲墳梡−丏暥堦憤崌弌斉丆搶嫗丏201pp.傛傝)
曄姺宯楍乮transformation series)丗憡摨宍幙偺廤崌丏
homoplasy丗旕憡摨丆旕憡摨摨宍丆摨宍惈丆堎尮摨峔憿乮儂儌僾儔僔乕乯*憡帡丆椶帡
丂丂parallelism丗暯峴尰徾乮亖parallel evolution丗暯峴恑壔乯
丂丂丂仏堎側傞慶愭偺摨偠宍幙偐傜惗偠丆憡摨偺傛偆偵尒偊傞偑憡摨偱偼側偄
丂丂convergence丗廂澥
丂丂丂仏堎側傞婲尮偺堎側傞宍幙偐傜憡摨偲嬫暿偺偮偒偵偔偄宍幙偑惗偠傞
仏摨宍宍幙乮homoplasy) 俀偮偺暘椶孮偑嫟桳偡傞傛偔帡偨宍幙偱偁傞偑丆憡摨宍幙偺婎弨傪枮偨偝側偄傕偺乮儚僀儕乕傎偐丆1992)
俀丏宯摑妛偵娭偡傞梡岅
phenetics, phenetic classification丗昞宍妛丆昞宍暘椶丂仏phenetists 昞宍妛幰
A system of classification in which the organisms are grouped together on the basis of their overall similarity*. *憤椶帡搙丆憤懱揑椶帡搙丂仏phenotype 偼昞尰宍
numerical taxonomy丗悢検暘椶妛丟numerical phenetics丗悢検昞宍妛丂
仛昞宍暘椶偱偼婎杮揑偵偡傋偰偺宍幙傪摍壙偲尒側偟丆宍幙偺嫟桳傪悢検揑偵張棟偟偰僌儖乕僺儞僌偡傞偨傔丆悢検暘椶妛偲傕屇偽傟傞丏
dendrogram丗僨儞僪儘僌儔儉丟phenogram丗昞宍恾丂仏椶帡搙傪昞偡庽宍恾
evolutionally taxonomy 恑壔暘椶丂仏暘婒妛偲昞宍妛偺愜拸偲偄偊傞暘椶丏
仏暘婒乮嫟捠慶愭乯偲暘壔偺掱搙乮椶帡惈乯偵婎偯偒丆懁宯摑孮傕擣傔傞丏
orthodox classification丗揱摑揑暘椶
A system of classification in which organisms are grouped on the basis of features that seem to reflect their common ancestry.
cladistics, cladistic classification丗暘婒妛丆暘婒暘椶丂仏cladists 暘婒妛幰
A system of classification in which the only groups formally recognized are clades.
仛暘婒暘椶偱偼丆嫟桳攈惗宍幙偱巟帩偝傟傞扨宯摑孮偵婎偯偄偰僌儖乕僺儞僌偡傞丏慶愭宍幙偺嫟桳偼宯摑娭學傪帵偝側偄丏撪孮偲奜孮傪娷傔偨僌儖乕僾傪嵟愡栺朄偱夝愅偟丆宯摑娭學傪悇掕偡傞乮撪孮偺宍幙偺嬌惈傕悇掕偝傟傞乯丏
岦忋恑壔 anagenesis 傪擣傔偢丆暘婒恑壔 cladogenesis 偺傒傪擣傔傞丏
cladogram丗暘婒恾丂仏僞僋僒娫偺巬暘偐傟乮暘婒乯娭學偩偗傪昞尰偟偨庽宍恾
evolutionary tree丗宯摑庽 仏暘婒恾偵帪娫幉偑擖傞偲宯摑庽偵側傞
A type of branching diagram, sometimes with a time axis, that represents the presumed evolutionary history of the organisms involved.
clade丗僋儗乕僪丆僋儗僀僪乮扨宯摑孮乯丟monophyly 扨宯摑; monophyletic group 扨宯摑孮丟 holophyletic group 姰宯摑孮
grade丗僌儗乕僪丆僌儗僀僪乮旕扨宯摑孮丆抜奒孮乯丟paraphyly 懁宯摑丆paraphyletic group 懁宯摑孮丟polyphyly懡宯摑丆polyphyletic group 懡宯摑孮
仏堦斒揑側儗儀儖偵偍偄偰偺懱惂偑椶帡偟偰偄傞摦暔孮偺偙偲傪僌儗僀僪乮grade乯偲屇傃丆偙傟偵懳偟偰扨堦偺慶愭庬偐傜桼棃偟偨偁傞傂偲偮偺宯摑敪惗偺慡懱晹暘傪愯傔傞摦暔孮偺偙偲傪僋儗僀僪乮clade乯偲屇傫偱嬫暿偡傞乮攏搉, 1994乯丏
parsimony丗嵟愡栺丟polarity丗嬌惈丟ingroup丗撪孮丟outgroup丗奜孮丟outgroup comparison丗奜孮斾妑乮朄乯丟sister group丗巓枀孮丟sister relationship丗巓枀孮娭學
奜孮斾妑乮outgroup comparison乯
娾攇惗暔妛帿揟戞俆斉偱偼...乽宯摑悇掕偵偍偗傞丆懳徾惗暔孮乮撪孮 ingroup乯偵懳偟偰嵟傕嬤墢偱偁傞偲壖掕偝傟傞庬傑偨偼庬孮乮奜孮 outgroup乯偲偺斾妑偵婎偯偄偨宍幙嬌惈偺寛掕朄丏奜孮傪夝愅偵娷傔傞偙偲偵傛傝丆撪孮崻乮撪孮宯摑庽慡懱偺嫟捠慶愭乯偺埵抲傪寛傔傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丏暘婒妛偺弶婜偺棟榑偱偼丆傑偢弶傔偵奜孮偺傕偮宍幙忬懺偵婎偯偄偰撪孮偺宍幙忬懺偺嬌惈偡側傢偪尨巒揑宍幙忬懺偲攈惗揑宍幙忬懺偺敾掕傪峴偆丏師偵偁傜偐偠傔敾掕偝傟偨宍幙偺嬌惈偵婎偯偄偰丄攈惗揑宍幙忬懺傪嫟桳偡傞庬傪扨宯摑孮偲偟偰傑偲傔傞丏奜孮斾妑偺榑棟揑崻嫆偼嵟愡栺尨棟偲屇偽傟傞傕偺偱丆撪孮崻偵楢側傞巬偱偺壖憐揑宍幙忬懺乮撪孮偱偺嬌惈敾暿偺婎弨乯傪奜孮偺宍幙宍幙暘晍偐傜嵟愡栺揑偵悇掕偟偰偄傞偐傜偱偁傞丏W.P. Maddison, M.J. Donoghue & D.R. Maddison (1984)偲D.L. Swofford & W.P. Maddison (1987)偼丆奜孮斾妑偵婎偯偔柍偄孮偺悇掕偑丆撪孮偲奜孮傪偁傢偣偨孮偵懳偡傞嬌惈敾掕傪峴傢側偄嵟愡栺揑側宯摑悇掕偲榑棟揑偵摍壙偱偁傞偙偲傪徹柧偟偨丏偟偨偑偭偰丆摿偵惂尷峺慺偺愗抐晹埵傗妀巁偺墫婎攝楍側偳嬌惈敾掕偑崲擄側暘巕僨乕僞偐傜傕暘婒暘椶妛偵婎偯偔嵟愡栺宯摑悇掕偑壜擻偵側偭偨丏側偍丆偦傟偑偁傞撪孮偵懳偡傞奜孮偱偁傞偐偳偆偐丆偝傜偵崅師偺宯摑偺拞偱専徹偡傟偽傛偄偐傜丆奜孮傪慜採偲偡傞宯摑悇掕偼榑棟弞娐乮僩乕僩儘僕乕乯偱偼側偄丏乿
apomorphic, derived or advanced characters or apomorphy丗攈惗宍幙丆巕懛宍幙丆怴宍幙
synapomorphy丗嫟桳攈惗宍幙丆嫟桳怴宍幙
娾攇惗暔妛帿揟戞俆斉偱偼...乽奜孮斾妑朄側偳傪梡偄偰嬌惈偺悇掕傪偟偨寢壥丆攈惗揑偲敾掕偝傟偨宍幙忬懺乮攈惗揑宍幙忬懺乯傪暋悢偺庬偑嫟桳偡傞偙偲丆傑偨偼偦偺宍幙忬懺偺偙偲丏嫟桳尨巒宍幙偲懳偡傞丏W. Hennig (1949, 1950)偺憿岅丏暘婒暘椶妛偱偼嫟桳攈惗宍幙偩偗偑宯摑娭學傪悇掕偡傞忣曬傪梌偊傞偲庡挘偝傟傞丏悇掕偝傟偨嫟桳攈惗宍幙傪嫟桳偡傞庬孮傪惗傫偩捈愙嫟捠慶愭傪壖掕偱偒傞偐傜偱偁傞丏偟偨偑偭偰丆嫟桳攈惗宍幙偼扨宯摑孮乮惓妋偵偼姰宯摑孮乯傪峔抸偡傞庤妡偐傝偲側傞丏偙偙偱丆傕偟傕宍幙暘晍偵晄惍崌偑惗偠偨偲偒偵偼丆偄偔偮偐偺宍幙偺攈惗揑宍幙忬懺偼丆偁傞嫟捠慶愭偐傜偱偼側偔暿乆偺巬偱恑壔偟偨儂儌僾儔僔乕偱偁傞偲峫偊側偗傟偽側傜側偄丏嫟桳攈惗宍幙偲偄偆壖愢偺懨摉惈偼丆嵟愡栺尨棟偵婎偯偄偰慖戰偝傟偨宯摑壖愢丆偡側傢偪暘婒恾偲偺惍崌惈偵傛偭偰専徹偝傟傞丏乿
autapomorphy丗屌桳攈惗宍幙
娾攇惗暔妛帿揟戞俆斉偱偼...乽宯摑悇掕偵偍偄偰丆偁傞枛抂庬乮孮乯偩偗偵娤嶡偝傟傞攈惗揑宍幙忬懺丏屌桳攈惗宍幙偼偦偺庬乮孮乯偺幆暿埲奜偺宯摑揑忣曬偼傕偨側偄丏偨偩偟丆恑壔暘椶妛偱偼丆屌桳宍幙偼偦偺庬乮孮乯偑怴偨側揔墳堟偵恑擖偟偨偙偲傪帵偡巜昗偲側傝偆傞偲偟偰丆巆偝傟偨庬孮傪懁宯摑偲擣抦偡傞婎弨偲偟偰棙梡偡傞偙偲偑偁傞丏乿
plesiomorphic, ancestral or primitive characters or plesiomorphy丗尨巒宍幙丆慶愭宍幙丆 媽宍幙
symplesiomorphy丗嫟桳尨巒宍幙丆尨巒宍幙嫟桳丆嫟桳慶愭宍幙丆慶愭宍幙嫟桳
娾攇惗暔妛帿揟戞俆斉偱偼...乽奜孮斾妑朄側偳傪梡偄偰嬌惈偺悇掕傪偟偨寢壥丆尨巒揑偲敾掕偝傟偨宍幙忬懺乮尨巒揑宍幙忬懺乯傪暋悢偺庬偑嫟桳偡傞偙偲丆傑偨偼偦偺宍幙忬懺偺偙偲丏嫟桳攈惗宍幙偲懳偡傞丏W. Hennig (1949, 1950)偺憿岅丏暘婒暘椶妛偱偼丆嫟桳攈惗宍幙偲偼堎側傝丆偙偺嫟桳尨巒宍幙偵偼偦偙偐傜宯摑娭學傪悇掕偱偒傞忣曬偼側偄偲傒側偝傟偰偄傞丏傕偭偲傕丆尨巒惈丆攈惗惈偲偄偆嬫暿偼憡懳揑側傕偺偱偁傝丆尨巒揑偲敾掕偝傟偨嫟桳宍幙忬懺傕丆傛傝崅師偺宯摑偱偼攈惗揑忬懺偲擣幆偝傟傞偙偲偐傜丆偦偺儗儀儖偱偼宯摑揑忣曬傪傕偭偰偄傞乿
俁丏摦暔抧棟妛偵娭偡傞梡岅
biogeography丗惗暔抧棟妛 zoogeography丗摦暔抧棟妛
vicariance biogeography丗暘抐惗暔抧棟妛乮暘抐暘晍丆堎強揑晄楢懕壔乯
phylogeography丗宯摑抧棟妛丆宯摑惗暔抧棟妛
仏暘巕宯摑夝愅偺庤朄傪傕偪偄偰丆庬撪傗嬤墢庬偵偍偗傞宯摑偺抧棟揑暘晍傪挷傋傞丏
allopatric speciation丗堎強揑庬暘壔丂sympatric speciation丗摨強揑庬暘壔
parapatric speciation丗懁強揑庬暘壔丂geographic variation丗抧棟揑曄堎
4. 摦暔偺妛柤偵娭偡傞梡岅丂崙嵺摦暔柦柤婯栺偺梡岅廤偵偮偄偰偼偙偪傜
zoological nomenclature丗摦暔柦柤朄丂摦暔偺僞僋僜儞The international code of ~
binominal nomenclature丗擇岅柤朄乮擇柤朄乯describe丗婰嵹偡傞丂description丗婰嵹
丂
type丗僞僀僾丂仏扨撈偱丆偁傞偄偼暋崌岅偺堦晹傪峔惉偟丆偁傞摿掕偺庬椶偺昗杮傑偨偼僞僋僜儞傪帵偡
type series丗僞僀僾僔儕乕僘丂仏尨挊幰偑偁傞怴偟偄柤媊庬奒媺孮僞僋僜儞偺婎慴偲偟偨堦楢偺暋悢昗杮偺偙偲
holotype丗儂儘僞僀僾乮姰柾幃丆姰柾幃昗杮丆惓婎弨昗杮丆惓僞僀僾昗杮偲偝傟偨乯
丂仏偁傞柤媊庬傑偨偼柤媊垷庬偑愝棫偝傟偨帪偵偦偺扴柤僞僀僾偲偟偰巜掕偝傟傞偐丆傑偨偼偦偺懠偺曽朄偱屌掕偝傟偨桞堦偺昗杮乮偨偩偟丆僴僷儞僩僞僀僾偺応崌傪彍偔乯
paratype丗僷儔僞僀僾乮暃柾幃丆暃柾幃昗杮丆暃婎弨昗杮丆廬婎弨昗杮偲偝傟偨乯
syntype丗僔儞僞僀僾丂仏偙傟傑偱儂儘僞僀僾傕儗僋僩僞僀僾傕巜掕偝傟偨偙偲偑側偄僞僀僾僔儕乕僘偺奺乆偺昗杮丏堦楢偺僔儞僞僀僾偼傂偲傑偲傑傝偱傂偲偮偺扴柤僞僀僾傪峔惉偡傞
lectotype丗儗僋僩僞僀僾丂仏偁傞柤媊庬傑偨偼柤媊垷庬偺愝棫屻丆僔儞僞僀僾偺側偐偐傜桞堦偺扴柤僞僀僾昗杮偲偟偰巜掕偝傟偨傕偺
paralectotype丗僷儔儗僋僩僞僀僾丂仏偦傟傑偱堦楢偺僔儞僞僀僾偱偁偭偨暋悢偺昗杮偵偍偄偰丆儗僋僩僞僀僾偑侾偮巜掕偝傟偨屻偵巆偭偨奺乆
neotype丗僱僆僞僀僾 仏偁傞柤媊庬傑偨偼柤媊垷庬偵偍偄偰丆偦傟傪媞娤揑偵掕媊偡傞昁梫偑偁傝側偑傜丆扴柤僞僀僾偑慡偔尰懚偟側偄偙偲偑怣偠傜傟傞応崌偵丆扴柤僞僀僾偲偟偰巜掕偝傟傞桞堦偺昗杮
name-bearing type丗扴柤僞僀僾丂仏僞僀僾懏丆僞僀僾庬丆儂儘僞僀僾丆儗僋僩僞僀僾丆堦楢
丂偺僔儞僞僀僾乮傑偲傔偰傂偲偮偺扴柤僞僀僾傪峔惉偡傞乯偁傞偄偼僱僆僞僀僾丏偙傟傜偼丆
丂偁傞柤媊僞僋僜儞偺妛柤偺揔梡傪寛掕偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傞媞娤揑側嶲徠婎弨傪採嫙偡傞丏
type genus丗僞僀僾懏丂仏壢奒媺孮乮忋壢丆壢丆垷壢側偳乯偺扴柤婎弨偲側傞懏
type species丗僞僀僾庬丂仏懏奒媺孮乮懏傗垷懏乯偺扴柤婎弨偲側傞庬
synonym丗堎柤乮僔僲僯儉丆摨暔堎柤乯senior– 屆嶲乣丂愭偵愝棫偝傟偨傕偺丆junior– 怴嶲乣丂屻偱愝棫偝傟偨傕偺
synonymy丗堎柤娭學丂偁傞偄偼堎柤儕僗僩偺偙偲
homonym丗摨柤乮儂儌僯儉乯senior– 屆嶲乣丂junior– 怴嶲乣丂homonymy丗摨柤娭學
嶲峫暥專
摗揷晀旻丏2010丏怴丒惗柦壢妛僔儕乕僘丂摦暔偺宯摑暘椶偲恑壔丏徶壺朳丏196pp.
Lincoln, R., G. Boxshall and P. Clark. 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and sustematics. Second edition.
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