侾丏怺奀偺娐嫬偲偼

丂巹偨偪偼悈怺200m埲怺偺悈堟傪傆偮偆怺奀偲屇傫偱偄傑偡丏偦偙偼崅悈埑丆掅悈壏丆埫崟偲偄偆惗暔偵偲偭偰偼嬌尷偺娐嫬偱偡丏奀梞偼抧媴昞柺偺72亾傪愯傔丆偦偺奀梞偺偆偪栺90亾偑悈怺1,000 m 埲怺偺悈堟偱偡丏偮傑傝丆怺奀偼嬌傔偰峀戝側椞堟偲偄偊傑偡丏怺奀堟偱偺暔棟揑側娐嫬梫場偲側傞悈埑丄悈壏丄嬻娫丄岝丄怘暔偼丆昞憌偐傜怺奀掙傑偱戝偒偔曄壔偟丄偦偙偵惐傓惗暔偵偲偭偰嫮椡側慖戰埑偲側傝傑偡丅傑偨丆偙偺傛偆側夁崜側娐嫬偺拞偱丆怺奀惗暔偼惗懺揑丆宍懺揑丆惗棟妛揑偵傕懡條偵揔墳恑壔偟傑偟偨丏丂

亂悈埑亃丂悈埑偼10倣愽傞偛偲偵侾婥埑乮1 atom = 1.03 kg / cm2乯偑妡偐傝傑偡丅椺偊偽丆嵟傕怺偄悈怺8,000倣晅嬤偵惗懅偡傞嫑椶偺儓儈僲傾僔儘乮傾僔儘壢乯偺懱偵偼丆偍傛偦800婥埑偑妡偐傞偙偲偵側傝傑偡丅偙偺傛偆側崅埑壓偱偼丆擇巁壔扽慺偼婥懱偱偼偄傜傟偢塼懱壔偟偰偟傑偄傑偡丏傑偨丆惗暔偺懱傪嶌傞僞儞僷僋幙傕曄惉偟偰偟傑偄傑偡丏偟偐偟丆偁傞庬偺怺奀惈嫑椶偺僞儞僷僋幙偼丆愺偄奀堟偺嫑椶偵斾傋偰曄惉偟偵偔偄偙偲偑抦傜傟偰偄傑偡丅傕偪傠傫丆嫑偺殁撪偵嬻婥偑偁傞応崌偼丆悈柺捈壓偐傜偙偺悈埑偺塭嬁傪庴偗傑偡丏偟偐偟丆怺奀惈嫑椶偺懱偵偼悈暘偲桘暘偑娷傑傟丆婥懱偑娷傑傟偰偄側偄偨傔丆惗棟妛揑偵悈埑偺塭嬁傪庴偗偵偔偄傛偆偵側偭偰偄傑偡丅

亂悈壏亃丂悈壏偼惗暔偺庬偺暘晍偵嫮偔塭嬁偟傑偡丏偦傟偧傟偺庬偵偼丆岲傓悈壏偺暆偑偁傝丆偦偺暆偼傆偮偆嬌傔偰嫹偄偨傔偱偡丅怺奀堟偱偼悈壏偑俀乣俆亷偱埨掕偟丄壏搙嵎偑彮側偄偲偄偆摿挜偑偁傝傑偡丅

亂嬻娫亃丂惗暔偺惗懅嬻娫偑旕忢偵峀戝偱偁傞偙偲偼丆偦傟偧傟偺庬偺暘晍偑嬌傔偰傑偽傜偲側傝丆怘暔傗摨庬丆摿偵偮偑偄傪扵偡偙偲偑崲擄偵側傝傑偡丏嶰師尦揑側拞怺憌堟偵偡傓惗暔偼丆擇師尦揑側怺奀掙忋偵偡傓惗暔傛傝傕弌夛偆妋棪偑彮側偄偲偄偊傑偡丏

亂岝亃丂懢梲岝偼丆昞憌偺摟柧搙偵傕傛傝傑偡偑丆偍傛偦悈怺 700乣1300 m 傑偱払偟傑偡丏惵-椢偺攇挿偺岝乮470nm乯偑嵟怺晹傑偱撏偒傑偡丏恖娫偺娽偱偼悈怺 200乣800 m 傑偱姶抦偱偒傑偡偑丆怺奀嫑偼偦偺15乣30攞偺姶搙偺娽傪傕偪傑偡丏傑偨埫崟偺怺奀堟偱傕丆懡庬懡條側惗暔敪岝偵傛傞岝傝偑懚嵼偟傑偡丏拞怺憌堟偱偼梉曢傟偺柧傞偝偱丆偦傟傛傝怺偄慟怺憌堟偱偼偮偹偵埫崟偲側傝傑偡丏

亂怘暔亃丂怺奀偵偡傓惗暔偺塰梴尮偼丆昞憌偺桳岝憌乮奀梞偺俁亾乯偵埶懚偟偰偄傑偡丏偙偺憌偱惗嶻偝傟傞僾儔儞僋僩儞偺巰奫傗條乆側桳婡暔乮儂儞僟儚儔椶奀憯偺攋曅丆僨僩儔僀僞僗丆暢側偳乯偑儅儕儞僗僲乕偲偟偰怺奀偵崀壓偟丄怺奀惗暔偺怘暔偲側傝傑偡丏傑偨丆怺奀惗暔偺擔廃揑側悅捈堏摦偵傛傝丆惗暔惗嶻検偺懡偄昞憌堟偺僄僱儖僊乕偑怺奀傊弴乆偵揱傢傝傑偡丏偪側傒偵丆慟怺奀堟忋晹偺昚塲惈摦暔僾儔儞僋僩儞乮傌儔僑僗乯偺僶僀僆儅僗偼丆昞憌偺侾亾掱搙偱偡丏
丂怺奀掙偵尒傜傟傞擬悈峼彴偺惗懺宯偼丆棸壔悈慺傪棙梡偡傞壔妛崌惉嵶嬠偑堦師惗嶻幰偲側傝丆偦偺惗暔検偑嬌傔偰懡偄偙偲偑抦傜傟偰偄傑偡丅懢梲僄僱儖僊乕偺壎宐傪庴偗傞怉暔僾儔儞僋僩儞偑堦師惗嶻幰偲側傞惗懺宯偲偼丆崻杮揑偵堎側傝傑偡丏

*丂墫暘擹搙傗梟懚巁慺傕嫑椶偺暘晍偵塭嬁偟傑偡丅梟懚巁慺偺掅偄悈怺懷偵偼丆庬偑彮側偄偙偲偑抦傜傟偰偄傑偡丏偟偐偟丆椺偊偽丆僆僯僴僟僇椶偱偼橐曎偑敪払乮捠忢偼戅壔揑乯偡傞偙偲傗丄殁撪偺巁慺擹搙傪崅傔傞偙偲偵傛傝丆偙偺傛偆側悈怺懷偵傕惗懅偟偰偄傑偡丅

俀丏怺奀嫑偲偼

丂悈怺200倣 埲怺偵偡傓嫑椶偑僀僐乕儖乬怺奀嫑乭偲偄偆傢偗偱偼偁傝傑偣傫丏栭偵偼拞怺憌偐傜昞憌嬤偔傑偱晜忋偟丆侾擔偵悢昐儊乕僩儖悅捈堏摦偡傞僴僟僇僀儚僔壢嫑椶偺傛偆側僌儖乕僾傕偄傟偽丆惗妶巎偺娫偵堏摦偡傞庬傕偄傑偡丏傆偮偆偼丆巈抰嫑婜偵昞憌堟偱惗妶偟丆惉挿偵偲傕側偭偰師戞偵惗懅悈怺傪怺偔偡傞応崌偑堦斒揑偱偡丏傑偨丆摨堦庬偺惉嫑偱傕丆崅堒搙傗掅堒搙偱偺悅捈暘晍偵憡堘偑偁傞偨傔丄怺奀嫑傪柧妋偵掕媊偡傞偙偲偼偱偒傑偣傫丏偍偍傛偦偺栚埨偲偟惉嫑偺惗懅斖埻偑庡偵怺奀堟偵偐偐傞傕偺傪怺奀嫑偲屇傫偱偄傑偡丏

亂暘椶亃丂怺奀嫑偵偼丆墌岥椶丄擃崪嫑椶丄峝崪嫑椶偵懏偡傞懡條側僌儖乕僾偑娷傑傟傑偡丅

丂拞怺憌惈嫑椶偼偍傛偦1,150庬丆怺奀掙惗惈嫑椶偼偍傛偦1,500庬偑抦傜傟偰偄傑偡丅怺奀嫑偺懡偔偼丆嫑椶偺拞偱傕斾妑揑屆偄婲尨傪傕偮僌儖乕僾偵懏偟偰偄傑偡丏

亂殁乬偆偒傇偔傠乭亃丂斾妑揑屆偄婲尨傪傕偮嫑椶偺僌儖乕僾偼丆傆偮偆殁偲徚壔娗偺娫偵婥摴傪傕偪傑偡丅偟偐偟丄怺奀惈偺庬偱偼丆偙偺婥摴偑擇師揑偵暵偠偰偄傑偡乮暵殁椶偲屇偽傟傑偡乯丅偙傟偼殁撪偺僈僗偑丆悈埑偵傛傝岥偐傜摝偘側偄傛偆偵偡傞偨傔偱偡丅拞怺憌堟偐傜昞憌傑偱擔廃墧捈堏摦偡傞庬偵偼丆殁撪偺僈僗慄偲寣娗栐乮栄嵶寣娗偺懇乯偑傛偔敪払偡傞傕偺偑懡偔尒傜傟傑偡丏偙偺僈僗慄偲寣娗栐偼丆殁撪傊偺僈僗偺嫙媼傗丆偦偺僈僗傪寣塼撪傊嵞媧廂偡傞偨傔偺婍姱偱偡丏擔廃揑側寖偟偄悈埑偺曄壔偵揔墳偟偨寢壥偲偄偊傑偡丏偝傜偵丆傛傝悈埑偺崅偄怺偄悈怺懷偵惗懅偡傞庬偱偼丆殁撪晹偑桘暘傗寢崌慻怐偱枮偨偝傟傞忬懺偑尒傜傟偨傝丆殁偑嬌傔偰戅壔揑丆傕偟偔偼徚幐偟偰偄傞偙偲傕偁傝傑偡丏偙偺傛偆側忬懺偺殁傪傕偮庬偱偼丆崪奿宯傗嬝擏宯偑戅壔揑偵側傝丄傑偨懱偺悈暘娷桳検傪憹傗偡偙偲偱丄拞惈晜椡傪摼傞偙偲偑偱偒傑偡丅懡偔偺怺奀嫑偺巈抰嫑偼丆昞憌堟偱惗妶偡傞偨傔丄堦帪揑偵婥懱傪娷傓殁傪傕偪傑偡丏怺奀掙惗惈偺僇僗儈僓儊椶偱偼丆僗僋儚儗儞乮squalene丆枾搙偑掅偄桘暘乯傪娷傓娞憻偑傛偔敪払偟乮懱廳偺偍傛偦25亾乯丆偙偺桘暘偵傛傝晜椡傪摼偰偄傑偡丅僊儞僓儊椶傕摨條偵娞憻偑戝偒偔丄傑偨崪奿偼擃崪壔偟偰偄傑偡丅

亂嶲峫暥專亃

Helfman, G.S., B.B. Collett & D.E. Facey, 1997. The Diversity of Fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, U.S.A. xii+528 pp.

Paxton, J.R. & W.N. Eschmeyer (eds.), 1998. Encyclopedia of Fishes. 2nd ed. Academic Press, 240 pp.