俻侾丏屻惗摦暔乮=懡嵶朎摦暔乯偼丆偳偺傛偆側扨嵶朎惗暔偐傜恑壔偟偨偺偐丠
俻俀丏屻惗摦暔偼扨宯摑孮偐丠
屻惗摦暔偺婲尮偵偼彅愢偁傞偑丆偍傕側俀愢偼埲壓偺捠傝偱偁傞丏
侾乯孮懱婲尮愢乮colonial theory)丒僈僗僩儗傾婲尮愢*乮gastrea theory)丗乮僿僢働儖愢乯
丂屻惗摦暔偼丆孮懱惈偺扨嵶朎惗暔偵婲尮偟乮曏栄拵椶偺廤崌丒孮懱壔乯丆傕偭偲傕慶愭揑側屻惗摦暔偼曻幩憡徧偺懱惂傪傕偮傕偺偲偡傞峫偊丏僿僢働儖偼壖憐偺慶愭摦暔傪僈僗僩儗傾*偲偟偨丏偙傟偼撪奜擇泱條偲偔傏傒乮尨挵乯傪傕偮丆擷泱偵帡偨摦暔偱偁傞丏屻惗摦暔撪偱偼丆曻幩憡徧摦暔乮巋朎摦暔傗桳孂摦暔乯偐傜嵍塃憡徧摦暔乮尨巒揑側滸宍摦暔乯偑惗偠偨偲峫偊偨丏
俀乯慇栄拵椶婲尮愢乮ciliate theory)乮僴僢僕愢乯
丂丂丂亖塓拵椶婲尮愢乮turbellarian
theory)丒柍挵椶婲尮愢乮acoele theory)丒懡妀懱婲尮愢乮syncytial theory)
丂屻惗摦暔偼丆嵍塃憡徧偺慇栄拵條偺慶愭偵婲尮偟丆扨嵶朎偺懡妀壔傪宱偰懡嵶朎壔偟偨偲偡傞峫偊丏偦偺偨傔丆嵍塃憡徧偱柍懱峯偺滸宍摦暔乮柍挵椶乯偑傕偭偲傕慶愭揑側屻惗摦暔偵嬤偄偲峫偊偨丏偟偨偑偭偰丆曻幩憡徧摦暔偼嵍塃憡徧摦暔偐傜攈惗偟偨偲梊憐偟偨丏
丂嬤擭偺暘巕宯摑壖愢偐傜偼丆屻惗摦暔偺扨宯摑惈偲偦偺巓枀孮偑棫嬢曏栄拵椶偱偁傞偙偲偑帵嵈偝傟偨丏傑偨丆棫嬢曏栄拵偼孮懱傪宍惉偡傞偙偲傗丆奀柸摦暔偑傕偮嬢嵶朎偲帡偨宍懺傪帵偡偙偲偐傜傕丆尰嵼偼孮懱婲尮愢乮僿僢働儖愢乯偑桳椡偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞丏
丂Brusca and Brusca (2003: 875) 偼宍懺宍幙偵婎偯偔暘婒夝愅偵傛傝丆屻惗摦暔偺嫟桳攈惗宍幙偲偟偰師偺宍幙傪嫇偘偰偄傞丗Ch.2, multicellularity present乮懡嵶朎壔乯丟Ch. 4, Epidermal epithelia with septate or tight junctions present乮嵶朎娫偺僙僾僥乕僩寢崌偁傞偄偼僊儍僢僾寢崌乯丟Ch. 10, Collagen present in body present乮懱偵僐儔乕僎儞傪傕偮乯丟Ch. 18(1), Cleavage pattern, 1=foundamentally radial乮棏妱條幃偼曻幩棏妱乯丟Ch. 23, Spermatozoa present乮惛巕傪傕偮)丏
*Brusca and Brusca (1990) 偱偼丆懡嵶朎壔丆傾僙僠儖僐儕儞丒僐儕儞僄僗僥儔乕僛宯乮嵶朎娫偺忣曬揱払宯乯丆僐儔乕僎儞乮寢崌慻怐乯丆偍傛傃僙僾僥乕僩寢崌偁傞偄偼僞僀僩寢崌乮嵶朎娫偺愙拝條幃乯偺係偮傪嫟桳攈惗宍幙偲偟偨丏
嶲峫暥專
Brusca,
R.C. and G.J. Brusca (2003) Invertebrates,
2nd ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, 936 pp.
敀嶳媊媣 曇乮2000乯僶僀僆僨傿僶乕僔僥傿乕丒僔儕乕僘5丂柍愐捙摦暔偺懡條惈偲宯摑乮愡懌摦暔傪彍偔乯丏徶壺朳丆搶嫗丏326 pp.
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敧悪棿堦丒彫娭帯抝丒屆扟夒庽丒擔崅晀棽丂曇乮1996乯娾攇丂惗暔妛帿揟丂戞係斉丏娾攇彂揦丆搶嫗丏2028 pp.
Hiromitus ENDO