丂暘椶懱宯偺儁乕僕傊栠傞丒巋朎摦暔栧

晛捠奀柸椶偲媅懺偡傞僆僆儌儞僀僓儕僂僆乮嵍丆崅抦導戝寧挰乯丆儉儔僒僉僀僜僇僀儊儞乮拞丆搚嵅巗塝僲撪榩撪乯偲僇僀儘僂僪僂働僣乮塃丆柤屆壆峘悈懓娰乯丏嶣塭丗墦摗峀岝丏

Phylum Porifera 奀柸摦暔栧 (峏怴擔丗2021.06.16) new!
尰悽庬丗4峧25栚138壢722懏 9,389 庬*丆
壔愇庬丗係峧34栚191壢1,032懏 庬悢晄柧 (Hooper et al., 2011)
*庬悢偼 The World Porifera Database 傛傝
**庬悢偼 Brsuca et al. (2016)"丂Invertebrates, 3rd edition"傛傝

1. Class Homoscleromorpha 摨崪奀柸峧 1栚2壢7懏**85庬丂仏壔愇庬偼枹敪尒

2. Class Demospongiae 晛捠奀柸峧乮峝崪奀柸椶傪娷傓乯4垷峧 **栺7,400庬
仏壔愇偼4垷峧22栚9垷栚
丂仏宂幙傪庡惉暘偲偡傞崪曅傑偨偼僐儔乕僎儞慇堐乮奀柸慇堐乯傪傕偮

3. Class Calcarea 愇奃奀柸峧丂2垷峧5栚丂仏壔愇偼1垷峧4栚**685庬
丂仏扽巁僇儖僔僂儉傪庡惉暘偲偡傞崪曅傪傕偮
丂丂Subclass Calcinea 僇儖僉僱傾垷峧丂2栚9壢17懏乮偦偺偆偪強懏晄柧1懏1庬乯
丂丂Subclass Calcaronea 僇儖僇儘僱傾垷峧丂3栚14壢

4. Class Hexactinellida 榋曻奀柸峧丂2垷峧丂仏壔愇偼2垷峧6栚**690庬
丂仏宂幙偺榋曻懱偺宍偺崪曅傪傕偮乮暿柤偼僈儔僗奀柸乯
丂丂Subclass Amphidiscophora 椉斦垷峧
丂丂Subclass Hexasterophora 榋曻惎垷峧

仛Hooper, J. N. A., R. W. M. Van Soest and A. Pisera. 2011. Phylum Porifera Grant, 1826. Pages 13–18 in Z. Q. Zhang, ed. Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa, 3148.
仛 the Shape of Life: Sponges: Origins

悈峚宯乮aquiferous system乯
悈峚宯偺峔憿偼丆傾僗僐儞宆乮ascon丆侾亾枹枮偺庬乯丆僒僀僐儞宆乮sycon乯偍傛傃儘僀僐儞宆乮leucon丆95亾埲忋偺庬乯偺弴偵暋嶨偵側傞丏悈棳偼奀柸峯乮spongocoel, atrium) 偁傞偄偼嬢嵶朎幒乮choanocyte chamber) 偵暲傫偩嬢嵶朎乮choanocyte) 偺曏栄塣摦偵傛傝惗偠丆彫岴乮ostium乯偐傜奀柸峚偵棳傟丆戝岴乮osculum乯偐傜奜晹傊攔弌偝傟傞丏怘暔偼偍傕偵嬢嵶朎偵傛偭偰庢傝崬傑傟嵶朎撪徚壔偝傟傞偑丆Asbestopluma 偵偼擏怘惈偺庬傕抦傜傟偰偄傞丏

嵶朎偺庬椶
傾儊乕僶嵶朎乮amebocyte乯丆嬢嵶朎乮choanocyte乯丆滸暯嵶朎乮pinacocyte乯丆彫岴嵶朎乮porocyte乯側偳丏

仏嬢嵶朎偺栶妱丗悈峚宯偺悈棳傪婲偙偡丟旝惗暔傗桳婡寽戺暔偺曗懌丟巁慺偺庢傝崬傒丟榁攑暔偺攔弌丟惗怋偵娭學乮惛巕傪嶌傞丆棏曣嵶朎偵曄壔偡傞乯

惗怋偲敪惗
侾乯柍惈惗怋偼弌夎丗奜晹弌夎偲撪晹弌夎乮夎媴傪宍惉乯丏仏弌夎 budding丆夎媴 gemmule
俀乯桳惈惗怋偼帗梇摨懱傑偨偼堎懱丏戀惗庬偑懡偄偑丆棏惗庬傕抦傜傟傞丏
俁乯敪惗條幃偼懡條偱丆愇奃奀柸偺働僣儃僇僀儊儞偱偼朎泱偺棤曉傝偑尒傜傟傞丏
4乯愇奃奀柸椶偺拞嬻梒惗乮傾儞僼傿僽儔僗僣儔 amphiblastula乯丆榋曻奀柸椶偲晛捠奀柸椶偼拞幚梒惗乮僷儗儞僉儊儔 parenchymella乯偑抦傜傟傞丏

懠偺惗暔偲偺娭學
侾乯奀柸摦暔偑嶌傞嬻娫偲悈棳傪棙梡偡傞曅棙嫟惗乮椺偊偽丆嫑椶丆峛妅椶丆奓椶丆懡栄椶丆僋儌僸僩僨椶丆僫儅僐椶側偳乯丏
俀乯僶僋僥儕傾傗憯椶偲偺憡棙嫟惗
乮侾乯拞銹偵戝検偺僶僋僥儕傾傪娷傒丆偦偺怘嬠嶌梡傪棙梡丏
乮俀乯昞憌嬤偔偵僔傾僲僶僋僥儕傾傗妼拵憯椶傪娷傒丆偦偺戙幱嶻暔傪棙梡乮懠偵峠憯椶丆巺忬椢憯椶傗宂憯椶偲傕嫟惗乯丏
乮俁乯憿徥僒儞僑椶傗奓椶側偳傊偺惗暔怤怘乮bioerosion乯丏

宯摑恑壔
丂嬤擭偺暘巕宯摑夝愅傪憤崌偡傞偲丆奀柸摦暔栧偼扨宯摑孮偱丆偦偺拞偱偼2暘婒偲側傝丆偦傟偧傟偺僋儗乕僪偱晛捠奀柸峧偲榋曻奀柸峧偑丆愇奃奀柸峧偲摨崪奀柸峧偑巓枀孮偲側傞乮Brusca et al., 2016)丏偙傟傑偱晛捠奀柸峧偺侾垷峾偲偝傟偨摨崪奀柸垷峾乮Homoscleromorpha)偼撈棫偺峧偲偝傟丆愇奃奀柸峧偵嬤墢偱偁傞.

仏嵟嬤偺尋媶
乽奀柸摦暔偵偍偗傞Antennapedia僋儔僗堚揱巕偺恑壔乮僱乕僠儍乕丆榓暥梫栺乯乿 2014擭10寧30擔 Nature 514, 7524
Erpenbeck, D. and G. Wörheide (2007) On the molecular phylogeny of sponges (Porifera). Zootaxa, 1668: 107–126.
仏2007擭傑偱偺奀柸摦暔偵娭偡傞暘巕宯摑夝愅偵娭偡傞榑暥偑傑偲傔傜傟偰偄傞丏

Srivastava, M. et al.(2010) The Amphimedon queenslandica genome and the evolution of animal complexity. Nature, 466: 720–727.

嶲峫暥專
Brusca, R.C. and G.J. Brusca. (2003) Invertebrates, 2nd ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, 936 pp.
Brusca, R.C., W. Moore and S.M. Shuster (2016) Invertebrates, 3rd ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, 1104 pp.
墱扟嫪巌丒晲揷惓椣丒崱暉摴晇 曇乮1997乯乽擔杮摦暔戝昐壢戞7姫 柍愐捙摦暔乿暯杴幮丏
敀嶳媊媣 曇乮2000乯乽僶僀僆僨傿僶乕僔僥傿乕丒僔儕乕僘5丂柍愐捙摦暔偺懡條惈偲宯摑乮愡懌摦暔傪彍偔乯乿徶壺朳丏
Vacelet, J. and E. Duport. 2004. Prey capture and digestion in the carnivorous sponge Asbestopluma hypogea (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zoomorphology, 123: 179–190.

Sponges! Jonathan Bird's blue world
乽扺悈奀柸丂懡嵶朎摦暔偺巒傑傝傪惗偒傞乿搶嫗僔僱儅怴幮嶌惢乮28暘乯new!
The Wrord Porifera Databse丂尰嵼 9,201桳岠庬
僴乕僾忬偺擏怘惈僇僀儊儞
怺奀偺擏怘惈奀柸偺怴庬婰嵹乮MBARI 5 sept. 2017) new!